1. Background
2. Role of Shuja-ud-Daulah
3. Reasons for Afghan Victory.
4. The Course of the 3rd Battle of Panipat
5. Consequences of the 3rd Battle of Panipat
6. Result of the 3rd Battle of Panipat
7. Conclusion
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Topic – Third Battle of Panipat (1761) (Notes)
Subject – History
(Modern Indian History)
Table of Contents
The Third Battle of Panipat was fought on January 14, 1761, at Panipat, between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and a coalition of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, and two Indian Muslim allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Oudh. Militarily, the battle pitted the Marathas’ French-supplied artillery and cavalry against the Afghans’ and Rohillas’ heavy cavalry and mounted artillery (zamburak and jizail) led by Ahmad Shah Durrani and Najib-ud-Daulah, both ethnic Pashtuns (the former is also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali).
Background
- The Mughal Empire’s decline following the 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680–1707) resulted in rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire.
- Gujarat and Malwa came under Maratha control under Peshwa Baji Rao.
- Finally, on the outskirts of Delhi in 1737, Baji Rao defeated the Mughals, bringing much of the former Mughal territory south of Delhi under Maratha control.
- This brought the Marathas into direct conflict with Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Durrani empire.
- Ahmad Shah Durrani established the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan in 1747. He annexed Lahore in 1747.
- In the years since, he has seized control of Punjab and Sindh as well. Timur Shah, Durrani’s son, was the governor of Lahore.
- Bajirao, the Maratha Peshwa, was able to capture Lahore and drive out Timur Shah.
- In 1759, he raised a Pashtun army and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab.
- The Mughals only had a nominal control over Delhi. Many people were concerned about the Marathas’ rapid rise and petitioned Durrani to put a stop to their expansion.
- He then formed a broad coalition against the Marathas with his Indian allies, the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab.
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