1. Background
2. Revolutionary Activities in Punjab, UP, Bihar
3. Hindustan Republican Association (1924)
3.1. Background
3.2. Formation
3.3. Members
3.4. Activities
3.5. Objectives
3.6. Criticism
4. Yugantar
4.1. Background
4.2. Activity
4.3. About Barindra Kumar Ghosh
5. Kakori Robbery (1925)
5.1. Features
5.2. Impact
5.3. Aftermath
6. Murder of Saunders (Lahore, December 1928)
7. Bomb in Legislative Assembly (1929)
8. Chittagong Armoury Raid (April 1930)
8.1. Features
8.2. About Surya Sen
8.3. Activity
8.4. Positive Aspects of New Revolutionary Movement in Bengal
8.5. Negative Aspects of New Revolutionary Movement in Bengal
8.6. Reaction of the Britishers
9. Conclusion
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Topic – Second Phase of Revolutionary Activities after 1920s (Notes)
Subject – Political Science
(Indian National Movement & Constitutional Development)
Table of Contents
The abrupt withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement disillusioned many; they began to question the fundamental strategy of nationalist leadership. Because they were not drawn to the Swarajists’ parliamentary work or the No-changers’ patient, undramatic, constructive work, these younger nationalists were drawn to the idea that only violent methods could free India. As a result, revolutionary terrorism was resurrected.
Background
- Frustration over the failure of the political struggle in the early twentieth century, as well as government repression, led to the rise of revolutionary terrorism.
- The revolutionary terrorists believed that passive resistance could not achieve nationalist goals, so they adopted the bomb cult.
- During the First World War, revolutionary terrorists were subjected to harsh repressive measures, and their movement suffered a setback.
- The majority of them were released from prisons in late 1919 and early 1920s, as the government sought to create a favourable environment for the Montagu reforms. In 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement was founded.
- Many of the revolutionary terrorist leaders were met by Mahatma Gandhi and C.R. Das, who urged them to join the nonviolent mass movement or, at the very least, to halt their activities.
- The revolutionaries recognised that the country had entered a new political era. Many of the leaders attended the National Congress session in Nagpur and joined the Congress.
- The abrupt suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement in early 1922 following the Chauri-Chaura incident caused a wave of disappointment and discontent among the movement’s young participants.
- Many of them became disillusioned with Gandhi’s leadership and embarked on a very simple strategy of nonviolent struggle. They returned to the idea of a violent overthrow of British rule.
- In this regard, they were also inspired by revolutionary movements and uprisings in Russia, Ireland, Turkey, Egypt, and China.
- While the old revolutionary leaders resurrected their organisations, a slew of new revolutionary terrorist leaders emerged from the ranks of eager non-cooperators.
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