1. The Lucknow Pact 1916
1.1. Background
1.2. Nature of Lucknow Pact
1.3. Analysis of Lucknow Pact
1.4. Outcome of the Pact
1.5. Conclusion
2. Lucknow Session of Indian National Congress (1916)
2.1. Background
2.2. Readmission of Extremists to Congress
3. August Declaration (1917)
3.1. Background
3.2. Objectives
3.3. Outcome
3.4. India’s Objection
3.5. Conclusion
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Topic – Lucknow Pact (1916) & August Declaration (1917) (Notes)
Subject – Political Science
(Indian National Movement & Constitutional Development)
Table of Contents
The Lucknow Pact 1916
The Lucknow Pact was signed between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League in December 1916 in Lucknow. The pact was signed at the annual sessions held by both the parties to put forth the common political rules including the demands of the ‘Self–Governance’ of India after the war. Mohammed Ali Jinnah, a member of both the parties had suggested in the session to put pressure on the Britishers for the liberalization of the country and allow its citizens to run their own country. Due to this, there arose a friendly relation between the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, and therefore Mohammed Ali Jinnah was given the title of, ‘Ambassador of Hindu – Muslim Unity’ by the nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu.
Background
- By 1906, a League came to existence which was then known as the ‘All India Muslim League’ in a moderate sense, and the basic aim for the formation of this league was to establish a friendly relationship with the Britishers.
- However, due to the decision of the Britishers of the partition of Bengal, the League decided to change its stance for the Britishers.
- Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the then member of both the parties, the Indian National Congress, and the All India Muslim League decided to use the opportunity as a joint venture for both the parties and put forth the pressure on the reforms of the British.
- It was the first time when both the parties stood indifferently at a joint session.
- The extremists under the head of Tilak, and the moderates under the head of Gokhale decided to meet in Bombay, where they were then co-joined by the Muslim League and formulated their constitutional demands in a mutual discussion, this led to the idea of Hindu Muslim Unity.
- The Leaders of both the parties had then gathered at a place with similar thoughts and similar pitches for their demands.
- In October 1916 within a few months from the day of the meeting in Bombay, a total of 19 elected members from both the parties then addressed a memorandum to the Viceroy for discussion of the constitutional reforms.
- In November 1916 in the following meeting in Calcutta, the suggestions of the prior meeting were discussed and agreed upon.
- Ultimately, the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress confirmed their agreement in the annual session held respectively at Lucknow in December 1916 which was then known as, ‘The Lucknow Pact, 1916.’
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