1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
1.1. Background
1.2. Features
1.3. Aftermath
1.4. Conclusion
2. Hunter Commission (1919)
2.1. Background
2.2. Members
2.3. Report
2.4. View of Congress
2.5. Conclusion
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Topic – Jallianwala Bagh and its Impact on National Politics (Notes)
Subject – History
(Modern Indian History)
Table of Contents
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
On April 13, 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, occurred. A large peaceful crowd had gathered at Amritsar’s Jallianwala Bagh to protest the arrests of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal. In response to the protests, Anglo-Indian Brigadier R.E.H. Dyer surrounded the demonstrators with his Gurkha British Indian army units. He ordered his troops to shoot at the crowd after blocking the exit with his troops, and he continued to fire even as the protestors tried to flee.
Background
- During World War I (1914–18), the British government of India enacted a series of repressive emergency powers to combat subversive activity.
- By the end of the war, the Indian people had high hopes that those restrictions would be relaxed and that India would be granted more political autonomy.
- In fact, the Montagu-Chelmsford Report, presented to the British Parliament in 1918, advocated for limited local self-government.
- Furthermore, in early 1919, the then-government of India passed what became known as the Rowlatt Acts, which essentially extended the repressive wartime measures.
- The acts sparked widespread outrage and discontent among Indians, particularly in the Punjab region. In early April, Gandhi called for a one-day general strike (Rowlatt Satyagraha) across the country.
- The arrest and expulsion of prominent Indian leaders (Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew) sparked violent protests in Amritsar on April 10, with soldiers firing on civilians and angry mobs killing several foreign nationals.
- Brig. Gen. Reginald Edward Harry Dyer was given command of a force of several dozen troops tasked with restoring order. A ban on public gatherings was one of the measures implemented.
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