1. Early Life and Accession
2. Humayun’s Difficulties
2.1. Internal Difficulties
2.2. External Difficulties
2.3. Personal Difficulties
3. Wars of Humayun (1530-1540)
3.1. Expedition to Kalinjar (1531)
3.2. First Siege of Chunar (1532)
3.3. Wars with Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (1535-1536)
3.4. Contest with Sher Khan (1537-1540)
3.5. Battle of Chausa (June 26, 1539)
3.6. Battle of Kanauj or Bilgram (May 17, 1540)
4. Humayun in Exile (1540-1555)
4.1. Humayun in Sind (1541-1542)
4.2. Humayun in Persia (1543-1545)
5. Restoration of Humayun and Death (1555-1556)
6. Estimate of Humayun
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Topic – Humayun: Political and Military Difficulties; Role of his Brothers, His Relationship with Bahadur Shah; Sher Shah and his Nobility; Factors behind Humayun’s Failure against Sher Shah (Notes)
Subject – History
(Early Medieval Indian History)
Table of Contents
Early Life and Accession
Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun was the eldest son of Babur, and he had three brothers – Kamran, Askari, and Hindal. Humayun was born in Kabul in 1508. His father, Babur, made the best arrangements for his education and training in statecraft. He learnt Turki, Arabic, and Persian.
As a boy, he was associated by his father with civil and military administration. At the age of 20, he was appointed the Governor of Badakhshan. Humayun took part in his father’s campaigns and battles; in both the Battle of Panipat (1526) and Battle of Khanwa (1527), he was among the chief commanders of the invading army.
After the Battle of Khanwa, he was sent back to take charge of Badakhshan, but he returned to India in 1529 without the permission of his father. Before his death in December 1530, Babur nominated Humayun as his successor.
However, some of the nobles of Babur’s court did not hold a good opinion of Humayun due to his pleasure-seeking and ease-loving habits, especially his addiction to opium. Therefore, a conspiracy was hatched against him, with a plan to place Mahdi Khwaja, Babur’s brother-in-law, on the throne. But the plan failed to materialize.
Thus, Humayun ascended the throne at Agra on December 30, 1530, four days after the death of Babur.
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