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Filibustering is a legislative procedure that involves prolonged, often repetitive, speech-making in an attempt to delay or obstruct the passage of a bill, resolution, or other legislative measure. The term "filibuster" originates from the Dutch word "vrijbuiter," meaning "pirate" or "freebooter," and was first used in the context of American politics in the mid-19th century.The primary goal of a filibuster is to prevent a vote on the proposed legislation, either to buy time for negotiations or to create pressure for concessions. Filibusters can occur in various legislative bodies, such as the United States Senate, where the rules often allow members to speak for an unlimited time on the floor. The House of Representatives, on the other hand, typically has stricter rules that limit debate time.Filibusters can take various forms, including traditional speaking marathons where a senator holds the floor for hours or even days. This form of filibustering was famously portrayed in the film "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington." However, in modern times, actual speaking marathons are less common due to procedural changes and the physical demands they impose.In the United States Senate, for instance, the rules allow senators to engage in what is known as a "talking filibuster." This requires a senator to continuously speak on the floor to maintain the filibuster. If the senator yields the floor or stops speaking, a vote can be taken on the legislation. The tactic can be physically challenging and requires the senator to be present on the floor throughout the filibuster.Another method of filibustering is the "silent" or "procedural" filibuster. This involves exploiting Senate rules to delay proceedings without actually engaging in lengthy speeches. Senators can do this by placing holds on bills, objecting to unanimous consent requests, or raising numerous points of order to disrupt the legislative process.Over time, the filibuster has become a controversial tactic. While some argue that it serves as a crucial check on majority power and encourages bipartisan cooperation, others contend that it promotes obstructionism, contributes to legislative gridlock, and prevents

Democratic centralism is a principle of organization commonly associated with Marxist-Leninist political parties and movements. It is a model of internal party organization and decision-making that aims to achieve democratic participation while maintaining unity and discipline.In democratic centralism, decision-making power is concentrated at the top of the party hierarchy, typically in a central committee or a politburo. However, the principle also emphasizes the importance of democratic participation and debate within the party. This is achieved through a system of elections and discussions, where members have the opportunity to express their views and elect representatives to higher positions.Once decisions are made through the democratic process, democratic centralism calls for strict adherence to the decisions by all members. This means that party members are expected to publicly support and implement the decisions, even if they personally disagreed during the internal debates. The principle of democratic centralism places a strong emphasis on collective discipline and loyalty to the party's decisions.Critics of democratic centralism argue that it can stifle internal dissent and discourage open debate, potentially leading to authoritarianism and the concentration of power. They contend that the principle can be used to suppress differing opinions and prevent meaningful participation and decision-making by the broader membership.It is worth noting that democratic centralism has been a subject of interpretation and implementation by different Marxist-Leninist parties and movements throughout history. While some parties have followed the principle more rigidly, others have allowed for more internal democracy and dissent. The specific practices and applications of democratic centralism can vary depending on the context and the organization in question.#examopedia #knowledge #politics #politicalscience #bhu #varanasi #reels #reelsinstagram

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Lobbying:- Lobbying refers to the practice of individuals or groups attempting to influence government officials, legislators, or other decision-makers to take certain actions or support specific policies. Lobbying is a common activity in democratic societies and can be carried out by various entities, including corporations, interest groups, non-profit organizations, and individuals.The purpose of lobbying is often to shape public policy or legislation in a way that aligns with the interests of the lobbying entity. This can involve advocating for or against certain laws, regulations, or government actions that may affect the lobbying entity or the broader public. Lobbyists may engage in activities such as providing information and expertise, conducting research, organizing campaigns, and making direct appeals to lawmakers or their staff.Lobbying can take different forms, including direct lobbying, where lobbyists communicate directly with policymakers, and indirect lobbying, where efforts are made to influence public opinion or mobilize grassroots support for a particular cause. Lobbyists may also contribute to political campaigns or engage in other activities aimed at gaining access to decision-makers and building relationships with them.It is important to note that lobbying itself is not inherently illegal or unethical. It plays a role in representing diverse interests and providing policymakers with information and perspectives from various stakeholders. However, concerns can arise when lobbying efforts involve undue influence, corruption, or the privileging of certain interests over the broader public interest. To address these concerns, many countries have regulations and disclosure requirements in place to promote transparency and accountability in lobbying activities.#politics #india #parliament #likesforlike #instagood #instagram #bhu #kashi #education #upsc #politicalscience

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