1. Fundamental Rights
1.1. Concept of Fundamental Rights
1.2. Fundamental Rights at Glance
1.3. Features of Fundamental Rights
1.4. Fundamental Rights (FR) only for Citizens
1.5. Amendability of Fundamental Rights
1.6. Significance of Fundamental rights
1.7. Criticism of Fundamental Rights
1.8. Conclusion
2. Fundamental Duties
2.1. Background
2.2. Swaran Singh Committee (1976) Recommendations
2.3. 86th Constitutional Amendment 2002
2.4. List of Fundamental Duties
2.5. Scope of Fundamental Duties
2.6. Need for Fundamental Duties
2.7. Features of the Fundamental Duties
2.8. Significance of Fundamental Duties
2.9. Criticism of Fundamental Duties
2.10. Verma Committee to Review Fundamental Duties
2.11. Relationship between the Fundamental Rights. Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties
2.12. Conclusion
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Topic – Fundamental Rights and Duties (Notes)
Subject – Political Science
(Constitution of India)
Table of Contents
Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Rights are the bedrock of the Constitution, providing citizens with a shield against arbitrary state actions and ensuring the preservation of individual liberties. Articles 12 to 35 contained in Part III of the Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights are justifiable and guaranteed in the form of six categories. These fundamental rights are:
- Right to equality,
- Right to freedom,
- Right against exploitation,
- Right to freedom of religion,
- Cultural and educational rights, and
- Right to constitutional remedies.
Concept of Fundamental Rights
- The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms which every Indian citizen has, to enjoy for the proper and harmonious development of personality.
- These rights universally apply to all humans, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, color, or sex, and should be guaranteed by the law of the land.
- The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England’s Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights, and France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man.
- Originally, the Indian Constitution established seven Fundamental Rights, namely,
- Right to equality (Articles 14–18)
- Right to freedom (Articles 19–22)
- Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24)
- Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25–28)
- Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30)
- Right to property (Article 31)
- Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)
- The right to property, however, was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978 and now, Article 300-A of Part XII of the Constitution establishes it as a legal right. As a result, there are currently only six Fundamental Rights.
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