1. Background of the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movement
2. Khilafat Issue
3. Development of Khilafat & Non-Cooperation
4. Congress and Muslim League’s Stand on Khilafat Issue
5. Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement
6. Special Session in Calcutta
6.1. Background
6.2. Features
6.3. Supporters and Opponents of Gandhiji
7. Nagpur Session
7.1. Background
7.2. Achievements
7.3. Impact
8. Spread of the Movement
9. Government Response
10. Chauri Chaura Incident
10.1. Background
10.2. Features
10.3. Consequences
10.4. Positive Aspect
11. Role of Mahatma Gandhi
11.1. Rise of Mahatma Gandhi as a Supreme Leader
11.2. Beginning of Gandhian Movements
11.3. Beginning of Non-Cooperation Movement
11.4. Khilafat Movement
11.5. Why Gandhi Withdrew the movement?
12. Evaluation of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements
13. Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement
13.1. People’s Response to Non-Cooperation Movement
14. End of Non-Cooperation Movement
15. Why Gandhi Withdrew the movement?
16. Conclusion
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Topic – Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements (1920-22) (Notes)
Subject – Political Science
(Indian National Movement & Constitutional Development)
Table of Contents
The Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement were both mass movements formed in 1919-1922 to oppose British rule in India. Despite their disparate issues, the movements adopted a unified plan of action based on nonviolence and non-cooperation. During this time period, Congress and the Muslim League merged. Many political demonstrations were held as a result of the efforts of both of these parties.
Background of the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movement
- The growing resentment of British rule prompted the formation of the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movement.
- In the First World War, Turkey fought against Britain. Turkey, as one of the defeated countries, was subjected to injustice at the hands of Britain.
- In 1919, a movement was formed led by Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali (popularly known as the Ali brothers), Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani, and others to pressure the British government to correct these injustices.
- The Rowlatt Act, martial law in Punjab, and the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre all revealed the brutal and uncivilised face of foreign rule.
- The Hunter Commission’s report on the atrocities in Punjab turned out to be a sham.
- In fact, the House of Lords (the British Parliament) supported General Dyer’s action, and the British public showed solidarity with him by assisting The Morning Post in raising 30,000 pounds for him.
- The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, with their ill-conceived Dyarchy scheme, failed to meet the Indians’ growing demand for self-government.
- The country’s economic situation had deteriorated in the post-war years, with rising commodity prices, a decrease in the output of Indian industries, an increase in the burden of taxes and rents, and so on.
- Because of the war, almost every segment of society suffered economic hardship, which fueled anti-British sentiment.
Khilafat Issue
- Muslims all over the world, including India, regarded Turkey’s Sultan, Khalifa, as their spiritual leader (Caliph).
- During World War I, Turkey sided with Germany and Austria against the British.
- During the First World War, Indian Muslims supported the government with the understanding that the sacred sites of the Ottoman Empire would be in the hands of Khalifa.
- However, following the war, the Ottoman Empire was divided, Turkey was dismembered, and the Khalifa was deposed.
- This infuriated Muslims, who saw it as an insult to Khalifa. The Khilafat Movement was founded by the Ali brothers, Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali, in opposition to the British government.
- Between 1919 and 1924, this movement was active.
- To force the British Government to change its attitude toward Turkey, the Ali Brothers, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani formed the All India Khilafat Committee in early 1919.
- As a result, the groundwork for a nationwide uprising was laid.
- In November 1919, an All India Khilafat Conference was held in Delhi, and a call was issued to boycott British goods.
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